![]() ![]() Meanwhile Copernicus practiced as a physician, offering his medical services to the poor for free. He defended the chapter's rights and privileges during the war between Poland and the Teutonic Knights (1519-1521), and in 1522 he introduced a scheme for the reform of the currency before the Diet of Graudenz. Copernicus never took holy orders, taking only as many vows as were necessary for his duties as canonist: in this position he represented the cathedral chapter in the many disputes in which it was embroiled. Following his uncle's death in 1512, Copernicus took up residence as canonist at Frauenburg. Following a lectureship in mathematics at Rome and doc-toral studies in canon law at Ferrara, Copernicus returned to Poland in 1506, first at Heilsberg as physician to his uncle, the bishop. ![]() After being appointed canon of the cathedral of Frauenburg in 1497, Copernicus immediately obtained a leave of absence to return to Padua to study medicine, taking his degree in 1499. ![]() In 1496 Copernicus left Cracow for Italy, studying canon law, mathematics, and astronomy first at Bologna and later at Padua. From him Copernicus not only learned mathematics but became drawn to the new humanistic studies. After attending the school at Torun, in 1491 Copernicus entered the University of Cracow, where he studied under Albert Brudzewski. Following their father's death in 1484, the children were adopted by their uncle, Lukas Watzelrode, who later became bishop of Ermland. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS was born, the youngest of four chil-dren, in Torun, Poland, on February 19, 1473. ![]()
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